Art History - Michelangelo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art History - Michelangelo - Assignment Example This aspect of Michelangelo’s paintings is clearly brought out in one of his most celebrated paintings; the Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. The painting shows how Michelangelo understands the human anatomy, as well as movement. This painting has two figures, on the left side; there is a figure of Adam while the right side has a figure of God held by angels. According to Wallace, the figure that surrounds God and his angels resemble the shape of the brain, which is part of the human anatomy. Therefore, it is clear that Michelangelo used the skills that he studied in human anatomy as the main subject in the creation of Adam, as well as the rest of his paintings. The Fall of Man is part of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel ceiling. The painting portrays how Adam and Eve were tricked into eating from the forbidden tree, which made them lose the Garden of Eden. Wallace states that Michelangelo expresses the effects of this transition through his painting. The tree and the snake in the painting are used to divide between sorrow and Eden. One side of the tree is green, and Eve seems quite relaxed, which shows happiness and lack of essential needs while the other side is dry and barren and Adam and Eve are walking, which portrays unrest after eating the forbidden fruit. The treatment of this theme is similar to the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel. In the painting, Eve has her breasts covered just like in Michelangelo’s painting while Adam covers his face as they are being expelled from Eden. Thus, both paintings depict the effects of transition that Adam and Eve went through after sinning. Just like all Michelangelo’s paintings, the figures in The Last Judgment are nude.

Marxist Analys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Analys - Essay Example Either form is a function of value which holds consistent the equivalence among its forms yet value itself varies depending on its meaning in the state of economy. Once the value is challenged in the process, regardless of form, its own size or magnitude is also subject to alter. Under Marx’s proposition, this is the stage around which ‘capital’ executes and comes in the scene to yield to a definition based on the shaping of the value, not the shifting of its form. On stating â€Å"Value therefore now becomes value in process, money in process, and as such, capital†, Marx likely signifies ‘process’ and argues how this is essential for the life of a capital where value is at work and its progress with changing measure determines capital. Without such process, it would be difficult to interpret capital and its purpose since the event of adding or subtracting from a value is characteristic of incorporating a function that would later meet the objective of generating a projected output or necessity such as income which is itself affected by the processed value. Marx pertains to the dilemma of treating ‘capital’ in terms of how it should emerge in and out of the circulation. The conflict, however, is not concerned about the presence of capital on either condition as being within or beyond circulation but Marx uses negation with ‘cannot’ and ‘impossible’ to emphasize the difficulty of designating ‘capital’ with respect to where circulation occurs. Though this is the case, Marx insists â€Å"it must have its origin both in circulation and not in circulation.† In order to settle the butterfly issue with capital, Marx resolves to have the double effect defeat its ground. Due to the fundamental property attached to capital, Marx proposes for capital to be conceived out of allowing circulation to adjust to the intrinsic laws of exchange. It is

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Agencies and Just War on Terrorism Essay America and its allies face Ð ° world that has become more and more dangerous with its weapons of mass destruction and Ð ° shadowy world of terrorists more than willing to use them. The wisdom of the past does not have the prescience or universal insight to deal with this new threat. America and its allies must change direction if they wish to respond to the challenge in an effective manner, even if it means employing policies that seemed dubious in the past. The state is called to protect its citizens in Ð ° Machiavellian world, filled with depravity and compromise. The church is called to submit to the superior wisdom of those who have the special intelligence, experience and expertise to handle the current crisis. Our forefathers came from Europe to settle in Ð ° wilderness that was not always hospitable. Death was imminent, and survival was uppermost on all their minds. The settlement in Jamestown, after the death of Powhatan, suffered an unprovoked attack at the hands of the Native Americans in 1622, in which some 375 settlers were massacred. The immediate response was to make Ð ° perfidious treaty with the natives and then starve them by burning their crops late that summer. It was Ð ° matter of survival. It was either ‘us or them’. (Amit 2003 127) â€Å"The same policy was followed by the Puritans of Massachusetts when the Pequot Indians, Ð ° most war-like people, presented an imminent threat in the mind of these settlers. Rather than wait around to die, they proceeded to attack them first, killing in one horrific conflagration of Ð ° Pequot fort some 4oo men, women and children. The exact motives behind the massacre remain unclear, but no doubt survival was uppermost in their minds. Today the situation that confronts the American people is not so different. It is similar to that of their ancestors in many ways and direr in regard to the number of lives at stake. one can debate whether the times have ‘waxed worse and worse’, but it is beyond question that the times have proved ‘more and more critical’ with their weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the ever-increasing number of potential users. The nation of Israel felt this threat in 1981 when it conducted Ð ° pre-emptive strike against an Iraqi nuclear reactor. The United States roundly condemned the action at the time, but with the threat now facing them from this and other rogue nations Ð ° new policy has emerged. The nefarious intentions of the Iraqi regime are apparent to most observers. It appears as if this regime plans to continue the production of WMD and deliver these weapons themselves or distribute them through the shadowy world of terrorist networks to designated targets in this clandestine manner. The signs of the times are all around us. Iraq already has violated over fifty UN resolutions to date. The UN inspectors revealed that Saddam was vigorously working on Ð ° stockpile of WMD—chemical, biological and nuclear, and by the mid-9os he began to deny them access to his supply. He already has used these weapons against his own people and waves of foot soldiers in his war with Iran. He has pledged on Ð ° number of occasions to bring destruction upon the United States, and even planned the assassination of its former president, George Bush. He has subsidized and continues to support terrorist groups throughout the region, including Hamas and Islamic Jihad according to seized Palestinian documents. His relation to terrorism is Ð ° matter of grave concern. â€Å"(Rahul 2002 37-44) It provides Ð ° special channel to deliver and promote his wicked designs, Bin Laden has called it Ð ° ‘religious duty’ for his minions to obtain and use WMD against the infidels, but he knows that his terrorist network needs help. It is only in the movies that Dr No is able to create the facilities to manufacture and deliver WMD. In the real world of terrorism, the capacity to make and utilize these weapons requires the help of Ð ° government. Aum Shinrikyo, Ð ° Japanese cult, tried to kill thousands of commuters with Ð ° potent nerve agent but managed to kill only Ð ° dozen after spending somewhere around thirty million dollars. The loss of these lives was tragic but much less than expected and displayed the complexity of operations using these agents. The cult was not able to produce the chemical (sarin) in sufficient purity and resorted to using Ð ° most primitive delivery system—carrying it on Ð ° train and piercing bags of it with tips of umbrellas. Ð  government working with Ð ° terrorist organization would produce Ð ° more lethal combination. 3 In light of this threat, it appears as if the only long-term solution is to eliminate the regime in Baghdad. Some would argue that there is no need to rush into war. But one wonders how realistic this option is in view of the track record of the regime. Is it realistic to believe that Iraq would comply with inspectors? It did not the first time around, not in toto, would the UN impose the necessary sanctions and penalties if it did not? Or would it ignore certain closed doors and cave in as it did before to Iraqi demands? And even if unmolested, would the inspectors catch the regime in its lies, knowing that it is likely to play Ð ° shell game and was given four years to hide its weapons? (Bruce 2003 44) Donnes fatalistic maxim succinctly defines the essential context that modern intelligence services function within, and the variables determining their relative fortunes. Their experiences suggest that they are very human institutions largely shaped by the vagaries of circumstances beyond their control, not to mention misfortune and luck. As refined information used by the state to further national goals and policies, intelligence is directed, collected, analyzed and disseminated (the intelligence cycle) within the milieu of international politics. Intelligence work must therefore function within the anarchical society of Great Powers. 1 Equally significant is the extent to which intelligence functionaries serve at the mercy of their policy masters. The intelligence officers themselves, in their various professional incarnations, are the desperate men in this formulation, striving as they do to carry out their risky and/or problematic duties in the face of inertia and outright opposition on the part of rivals, enemies, and occasionally their own countrymen. It is unlikely that any intelligence service in history has ever completely escaped subjugation to such restrictive bondage. â€Å"As mentioned in the previous chapter, the war on al Qaeda should be Ð ° deliberate broad-front attack. It is already that in practice, but the rationale for sustaining this approach is less established and troubles are certain because such Ð ° strategy requires relating the efforts of multiple agencies, subagencies, and even nations, and it sometimes necessitates rapid action. This would seem to require two enhancements of capability which may at first seem contradictory, but they are complementary and equally important. â€Å"(Paul 2002 31) These facts hold particularly true for the office of Strategic Services mission in London, Americas critical liaison and operational intelligence outpost during the Second World War. Expanding to Ð ° peak of 2,800 personnel in 1944, OSS/London was originally established in October 1941 with the arrival of Ð ° single representative, followed by Ð ° staff nucleus the day after Americas entry into the war. Eventually consisting of contingents from the four major OSS branches-Research and Analysis, Secret Intelligence, Special operations, and X-2 (counter-intelligence)-the mission served as Ð ° focal point for Anglo-American intelligence relations in the decisive theatre in the war against Germany. The London mission was at the heart of OSS relations with British intelligence, and as such it personified the essence of that connection in the Allied war effort. The Allied invasion of Europe ensured that OSS/London, more than any other OSS outpost, would have the greatest opportunity to perform Ð ° decisive role in the intelligence war. Other OSS missions would also make important contributions, notably in Cairo, Algiers and Italy; but these were ultimately secondary theatres, while in the Pacific and Asia, OSS never acquired the sound relationship with the military necessary for intelligence operations. London was at the heart of the Allied war effort, and at the heart of the Anglo-American alliance itself. While intelligence exchanges with the Soviet Union have been documented by Bradley F. Smith, London was the big league in Allied intelligence during the war. Many significant matters were accordingly played-out there, offering detailed examples of intelligence services in action. The experiences of OSS in London therefore illuminate the process by which America was introduced to the various components of intelligence and clandestine work, and how well American intelligence performed in its own right. As the presumed precursor to the post-war US Central Intelligence Agency, OSS further invites study in order to understand the antecedents of Americas Cold War intelligence service. The significant Anglo-American context of the evolution of modern American intelligence moreover suggests that the Anglo-American Special Relationship had an intelligence component that was manifested most strongly and clearly in OSS/London. (Bruce 2oo3 75) The mission thus provides Ð ° case study of how US intelligence matured and became institutionalized within the context of the larger Anglo-American political-military alliance. This analysis accordingly examines an aspect of that alliance and of intelligence history in particular, that has not yet been explored in any comprehensive detail. It is part of Ð ° current historiographical review of the significance of intelligence services in military and international affairs. It specifically examines OSS/London within the context of Anglo-American relations, as well as the evolution of both modern American, and Allied, intelligence during the Second World War. The general research approach blends what has been termed the American and British schools of intelligence scholarship. The more historical nature of British intelligence studies has been noted by Kenneth G. Robertson, while Roy Godsons Intelligence: an American View, in Robertsons British and American Approaches to Intelligence, distinguishes between this historical methodology and the more conceptual or theoretical nature of American studies (for example, Sherman Kents Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy). British diplomatic historian D. C. Watt has therefore identified these approaches as two distinct schools of intelligence study, though Ð ° recent noteworthy British contribution to the theoretical school is Michael Hermans Intelligence Power in Peace and War, which surveys the interrelationship between post-war structures, tasks, and effectiveness. This study for its part demonstrates the influences of both schools by linking theoretical concepts to the role of intelligence ties within the larger wartime Anglo-American alliance. (Neville 2004 45)

Characteristics and Features of CSS

Characteristics and Features of CSS Assignment 1: P1/m1 Introduction CSS was introduced in 1996. It was created to stop people from having to repeat a lot of code. For example, if someone wanted to change the paragraph text, they would have to do it every single time they wanted to change the properties. CSS has since become more adapted to having more features, for example you can now use the # and change the background to a massive array of colours. What is CSS CSS is a formatting language used to add styling to your page. This is done by having the CSS document linked into your html page. This page then has selectors and properties which affect the tags inside your html document. Characteristics of CSS CSS is written in the following this rule: selector {property: value;} an example of this would be: This would be used to change the full page to a grey colour. As you can see, the body is the selector, the rule is the background colour and the value is the colouring. The order of operations is how the page is read and ordering the methods of formatting into importance. The order goes as follows: HTML, Inline, Internal then external. How do we use CSS: Three ways of HTML accessing CSS Inline An inline style sheet only affects the tag it is in. This means that you can change small details of the page without changing everything on every single page. This is good because if you had an external style sheet/internal with everything in it. You would have to make a new tag just to change that one detail. Inline overrules external which means you can change small details. After HTML, inline is next on the order of operations. This means that it overrules internal/external. This is an example of the background colour being orange on a webpage: As you can see, the background colour is set to orange. And this would be a standard for every page with the style sheet attached. However, if you go to the body tag in html and add this line of code a line of code that would look like this: I would then change the colour of the background regardless of the background colour set by the external style sheet/internal. Another example of this being used would be with font styles. You would for an external style sheet put a P value followed by the attributes like this: and this would-be outcome: However, if I wanted to have a green text on one single piece of paragraph text you would then use inline styling. You would put something like this: and this would change the colour of what the external styesheet had set it to. This is good because if you again had a lot of paragraph text but you needed this to be slightly different for example you wanted the size to be a little bit smaller you would then have to create a whole new tag. This way you can change a few properties and only on that one tag. You would use internal when you only want to add a small change to a single tag. This is because inline only affects the one tag it is inside. You would not use inline when you either want to affect the full page or the full website because you would have to copy the code over and over again. Internal Internal styling takes place in the head of the html document. This means that if you are customising the page, you can see everything from scrolling. The internal styling is placed in a and a inside the tags. For this example, I am going to show you 4 different headings I created through internal. I will now show you the outcome and the text inside the body. This looks simple, neat and organised because it is. Unlike inline, the styling and the tag is separate. This means that you arent as confused by the styling as you might be if it was inline. Both internal and external are superior for this reason. I will now she you all the styling I used to get the outcome that you previously saw: As you can see, I can add a family of fonts. This means that if one font is not supported on a users computer they will see a different alternative font. I added a text-align because if I wanted to add these tags inside a shape they would stick to the right of those shapes. Font size is just formatting how big I want the text to be in opposed to how big it would default to if I left it with the html style. An advantage to internal styling is the fact that it overrules external in the order of operations. This means that if you had one stylesheet linked to all of your pages but you wanted a few small changes you wouldnt have to make a new stylesheet instead you can just change it in the head tag. A disadvantage would be that internal is under inline so if you have accidentally forgotten to remove a piece of inline code you dont want inside it you might miss it and have to go all the way through the document just to find what you are missing. You would use internal possibly as a backup. For instance, if the external stylesheet doesnt download properly and crash you would still see the website like normal because it would then turn to internal for the whole stylesheet. You would use inline when you want to make changes to the whole page but not every single page, like changing the font size of headings. You wouldnt use internal when you already have an external stylesheet set up normally because it simply isnt needed. Only as a backup. External External stylesheets allow someone to format their webpage (much like internal) but on a separate document. This means that you can have 2 or more workplaces (as you can link more than one stylesheet into your document) giving you a much cleaner workspace. This would be a massive advantage due to the fact that the stylesheet is easily accessable. However, it is a disadvantage because any change you make to the external stylesheet affects any html document that is linked to it.The stylesheet you attach would be a CSS document that you would use to format tags in. In terms of the order of operation, External is last. Putting the order to: HTML, Inline, Internal and then External. This is both a positive and a negative. It is a positive because you could have something like a background image like this: Which would set the background to: (and for reference if you zoomed out, it would tile) This could then be linked to every page and would set the background image to that. But if you wanted the background to be something else, a different image, you could use inline styling on the body tag to change it to that image. However, it could be called a negative because if you are altering someone elses website and you wanted to use external, they may have inline which would mean you had to go through each line of code to check. Some websites have over 900 on just the HTML page. You would use external when you want to make a stylesheet that will run on every single page (or a number of pages) because instead of having a long list of lines of code clogging up your HTML page, you would only have to deal with 1 line which would be the link to the page. You wouldnt use external if you only have 1 page because it would be impractical to have 2 pages when only 1 will be visible. (it would be more efficient to just use internal) Linking a stylesheet A fully linked stylesheet looks like this: Href: This is the path to the stylesheet. As you can see mine just says main.css which means that I dont need to go anywhere other than the file. Main equals filename and CSS is the document type. If for example you had to go back in the path. Before the file name, there would be a ../ This would look like this: And if you had to go forward in the path, you would see a /foldername then the file name. Type/rel This is done just to tell older browsers/mini browsers the actual document name because it tells them the document name. P2: Box Model What is it? A box model is something that allows a web designer/developer to create a layout to the page. This is high in accuracy due to the fact that you can edit right left up and down pixel by pixel. You also have options between margin and padding. Why do we use it? You would use this model to apply accurate spacing on your objects inside the webpage. You are also then able to work out how much space has been used and gives you an option for borders. How do we use it? An example of when you would use a box model would be when adding in a shape. As you can see here, you would add styling to a div tag like you can see here. This would set the size for it but not add anything to do with the box model. This means that if you added another box, they would be directly touching. Like this. To fix this you would want to add a margin-bottom like this: The issue would then be fixed and there will be a 10px gap between the two objects. Content: Content is the actual image or the text. The content is the centre of the box model and is what it is created to serve. This is because without the content there would be no need to have any spacing or any borders because there would be no item for it to be based on. Padding: Padding is the distance between the content and the border. This is to add inside space and make your spacing more accurate than just using margin which is the outside. An example of padding would be: In this example, I show the use of one number in padding. This means it affects the padding of up, down, left, right. I could use 4 numbers which would affect up, down then left right like this: This is good because it allows a lot of choice which is very precise. Border: The border is the outline after the padding. Without padding, the border would take place around the content. It would look like this: And the code will look like this: However, to move the border location you would need to add padding. This is due to the fact that padding is inside between the content and the border. If you wanted it to move further outside, you would need to add this line of code in: This makes the outcome look like this: You are also able to change the border style, currently I have the double border style but that can easily be changed my altering the value. For example I could set it to dashed like this: With the outcome of this I will now show 4 more examples of using borders. This is just a standard border with the colour defaulting to black. The margin is used to add a space between the bottom of each box. This adds a dashed border instead of the solid style and I have changed the colour to red. This has a bored style of dotted and the colour is set to green The border is the ending to the content area. You can set this to be 0 px which would make the border invisible to someone viewing it. You also have the option to choose things like Margin: Margins are used to add outside spacing after the border between objects. This is effective because it means that you are able to have some space before the next starts. Without margin you wouldnt be able to create a spaced website that has borders because the borders would always be touching and padding would be on the outside. An example of margin would be this: This shows spacing at the bottom without them touching. Without the margin, they would be touching which would look clunky and wouldnt look professionally made at all. This is what it would look like without the margin being added:

Casablanca :: essays research papers

Casablanca   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Epstein brothers created Casablanca, a romantic adventure, like no other of its time. There are few movies that are loved by men and women alike. Casablanca is one such movie. It successfully combines action, adventure, love and romance into a film loved by all.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What makes this film a favorite of women? Lets take a closer look at the film and find out. Casablanca is set in the exotic land of Morocco where refuges wait for passage to America, the Promised Land. In a popular American cafà ©, Rick, the cafà © owner, hides from the memories of a lost love. Rick is a mysterious, masculine hero who hides behind a hard outer shell but is really thoughtful and unpredictable. Rick soon runs into the girl he loves, Ilsa. Ilsa Lund is a beautiful woman who is torn between two lovers. Thus begins the tender love story that women cannot turn away from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ilsa comes into Rick’s club with her husband Victor Laszlo, a Czech freedom fighter wanted by the Germans. From the beginning, women love Rick far more than they love Victor because of his mysterious masculinity. Victor Laszlo is a hero yet, not nearly as loveable as Rick. Rick holds the only two letters of transit that can guarantee Victor and Ilsa’s escape. We are left wondering and waiting to see if Rick will do the right thing and give Ilsa the papers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important part of the movie that women love is the music. The song â€Å"As Time Goes By† is the song that belongs to the true lovers and is played over and over by Rick’s devoted friend, Sam. Women enjoy the lasting relationship between Sam and Rick and the compassion of Sam for both Rick and Ilsa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Rick is forced with the decision of what to do with the letters of transit Rick speaks with Ilsa and Ilsa asks Rick to think for both of them and make the decision. In the end, Rick sacrifices himself for the happiness of Ilsa and Victor as well as the war against Germany. He risks his own life for others even though he is quoted as saying, â€Å"I stick my neck out for nobody† and, â€Å"I’m the only cause I’m interested in.† This is an endearing quality. Women want to be Ilsa, and dream of loving a man like Rick.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now to try and find out why such a romantic love story is a favorite of men.

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Essay -- DDoS Attacks, Cyber Ter

Within the last decade, the internet has proven to be the most efficient way to complete tasks in today’s society. Every major business in today’s society relies on the internet to conduct business. Though the internet is a useful tool, our reliability on it opens up the door for cyber-attacks that can be detrimental to business as a whole. One example of a cyber-attacks that have recently started becoming more prevalent are DDoS attacks. Recently, DDoS attacks have been a rising issue for businesses owners who run their own servers, such as video game companies and other high profile web servers, including banks and other credit card payment gateways. A DDoS attack, distributed denial of service attack, is when one or more individuals attempt to force a network offline and unavailable to its intended users. This process is typically performed by flooding a network with communication requests until the server cannot respond to the traffic, thus making the server go offline and become available. This process is relatively simple to perform to the average person through online programs. Since it is so easy perform, it has become a rising issue simply because anyone has the ability to hack into various servers. One example in recent news of DDoS attacks comes from Riot Games, developer of the popular online multiplayer video game League of Legends. After a month of inconsistency with their server stability and frequent shut downs, Riot Games reported that within the l... Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Essay -- DDoS Attacks, Cyber Ter Within the last decade, the internet has proven to be the most efficient way to complete tasks in today’s society. Every major business in today’s society relies on the internet to conduct business. Though the internet is a useful tool, our reliability on it opens up the door for cyber-attacks that can be detrimental to business as a whole. One example of a cyber-attacks that have recently started becoming more prevalent are DDoS attacks. Recently, DDoS attacks have been a rising issue for businesses owners who run their own servers, such as video game companies and other high profile web servers, including banks and other credit card payment gateways. A DDoS attack, distributed denial of service attack, is when one or more individuals attempt to force a network offline and unavailable to its intended users. This process is typically performed by flooding a network with communication requests until the server cannot respond to the traffic, thus making the server go offline and become available. This process is relatively simple to perform to the average person through online programs. Since it is so easy perform, it has become a rising issue simply because anyone has the ability to hack into various servers. One example in recent news of DDoS attacks comes from Riot Games, developer of the popular online multiplayer video game League of Legends. After a month of inconsistency with their server stability and frequent shut downs, Riot Games reported that within the l...

Goals of Social Studies Essay

Overview The term â€Å"social studies† usually designates the introductory and intermediate level of social science education at the elementary and secondary school levels. However, it also encompasses a good amount of specialized knowledge drawn from fields of study that are usually found in post-secondary instruction, such as economics, political science, sociology and anthropology. The goals of a social studies education are to instill students with an intimate knowledge of their history, cultural values and civic responsibilities. Social Competency and Literacy One of the most basic goals of a social studies education is to promote social competency and literacy. It is important that students living in advanced industrial societies understand how those societies function. Students should be highly literate, because their ability to maneuver through society often depends upon it. The social sciences often require a large amount of reading and writing in their curriculum, the content of which is usually designed to give students an idea of how their society is structured. These two goals provide students with a certain amount of social mobility. Online Management Courses ucpmarjononline.co.uk/Management Boost Your Career Prospects w/ Our Online BA and MBA in Management! Ads by Google Social Knowledge Another goal of social science education is to introduce students to the values of their own native society. In the U.S., this means students are taught democratic principles, our particular style of government and the history behind both. While students are often urged to commit to these principles, ideally they are introduced in such a way that they do not have to personally adopt them, but merely understand them to effectively function within their society. Critical Thinking and Analysis Critical thinking and analytical skills are fostered as tools for  understanding and evaluating the values and institutions that make up the students’ society. These skills also are developed as valuable assets in their own right, because they are easily transferable to other areas of study and have private and professional applications in the real world. Comparative Society Another important objective in social science education is to instill in students an understanding and tolerance of the social values, norms and practices of other cultures and foreign societies. This is usually achieved through the study of world history. Students should be able to understand that the majority of social norms and cultural differences are relative, and they should learn to treat such differences with tolerance and respect. Civic Efficacy Perhaps the most important goal of a social studies education is to help students develop a sense of their roles and responsibilities as citizens. Students are taught the importance of making well-informed decisions and how to work within the channels of civic action available to them. In the U.S., for example, this means teaching students the gravity of the democratic process and urging them to take part by exercising their constitutional rights, voting and expressing dissent.